diff --git a/info4/kapitel-10/Das Halteproblem.ipynb b/info4/kapitel-10/Das Halteproblem.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60fbb3f3e86c0e67ef68aa593db917b280fba772 --- /dev/null +++ b/info4/kapitel-10/Das Halteproblem.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Das (spezielle) Halteproblem\n", + "\n", + "Im Skript wird das Halteproblem formal definiert. Hier wollen wir das Halteproblem einmal intuitiv betrachten.\n", + "\n", + "Intuitiv gesehen stellt man beim speziellen Halteproblem die Frage, ob eine Turingmaschiene hält, wenn Sie sich selbst als eine Eingabe erhält.\n", + "Um Turingmaschienen als Eingaben nutzen zu können benötigen wir eine Darstellung als Wörter über einem Alphabet. Als Alphabet wählen wir $\\Sigma$ = {0, 1} und als Möglichkeit eine TM über $\\Sigma$ darzustellen wählen wir die Gödelisierung. Die genau Definition finden Sie im Skript auf Seite 153 (zwischen Korrolar 10.18 und Beispiel 10.19). Für unsere Zwecke reicht es allerdings aus zu verstehen, dass mit der Gödelisierung jeder TM ein Wort aus $\\Sigma^*$ zugeordet wird. Auf Grund der Art der Gödelisierung gilt die Umkehrung allerdings nicht. Um die Umkehrabbildung angeben zu können sei $M_0$ eine beliebige feste TM. Dann ist für jedes Wort $w\\in\\Sigma^*$ eine TM $M_w$ definiert durch:\n", + "\n", + "$M_w$ = M, falls w = code(M)\n", + "\n", + "$M_w$ = $M_0$, sonst\n", + "\n", + "Mit dieser Definition lässt sich das spezielle Halteproblem definieren als:\n", + "$K=\\{w\\in\\{0,1\\}^* | \\text{$M_w$ angesetzt auf w hält nach endlich vielen Schritten}\\}$\n", + "\n", + "Nun zeigen wir, dass K nicht entscheidbar ist, es also keine TM gibt, die für jedes $x\\in\\Sigma^*$ entscheidet, ob es in K liegt oder nicht. Für einen Wiederspruchsbeweis nehmen wir an, dass K entscheidbar wäre.\n", + "\n", + "Sei H dann die TM, die für alle x entscheided, ob x in K liegt oder nicht.\n", + "Wenn also die TM M mit code(M)=x hält, dann gibt H bei der Eingabe x 1 und sonst 0 aus.\n", + "\n", + "Sei nun N eine TM, die bei der Eingabe 1 in eine Endlosschleife läuft und bei der Eingabe 0 eine 1 ausgibt.\n", + "\n", + "Betrachten wir nun die TM C, die aus der Hintereinanderschaltung von H und N entsteht.\n", + "Wenn wir C auf die Gödelisierung einer TM anwenden, die mit sich selbst als Eingabe hält, dann gibt H eine 1 aus und somit hält N nicht an. Damit hält auch C nicht.\n", + "Und wenn wir C auf die Gödelisierung einer TM anwenden, die in eine Endlosschleife läuft, wenn Sie sich selbst als Eingabe erhält, dann gibt H eine O aus und somit N eine 1 und C hält.\n", + "\n", + "Wenn wir nun C auf sich selbst anwenden, was geschieht dann?\n", + "Angenommen C hält, dann gibt H eine 1 aus und N läuft in eine Endlosschleife. Daher hält C nicht.\n", + "Wenn C allerdings in eine Endlosschleife läuft, dann gibt H eine 0 aus und somit N eine 1. Damit hält C.\n", + "Dies ist ein Wiederspruch dazu, dass K entscheidbar ist." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<table align=\"LEFT\">\n", + " <tr>\n", + " <td width=50%><center>Die Turingmaschiene $H$</center></td>\n", + " <td width=50%><center>Die Turingmaschiene $N$</center></td>\n", + " </tr>\n", + " <tr>\n", + " <td width=50% align=\"CENTER\"><img src=\"./img/TM H.svg\" width=100%></td>\n", + " <td width=50%><img src=\"./img/TM N.svg\" width=100%></td>\n", + " </tr>\n", + " <tr>\n", + " <td width=100% colspan=2><center>Die Turingmaschiene $C$</center></td>\n", + " </tr>\n", + " <tr>\n", + " <td width=100% colspan=2><img src=\"./img/TM C2.svg\" width=100%></td>\n", + " </tr>\n", + "</table>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "ProB 2", + "language": "prob", + "name": "prob2" + }, + "language_info": { + 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clip-path="url(#clip_path_1)"> + <path fill="none" stroke="rgb(0,0,0)" stroke-width="25" stroke-linejoin="miter" d="M 10949,6002 L 8448,6002 8448,1406 13451,1406 13451,6002 10949,6002 Z"/> + <path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" stroke="none" d="M 6463,3745 L 8168,3725 8169,3799 8389,3686 8166,3577 8167,3651 6463,3671 6463,3745 Z"/> + <text class="TextShape"><tspan class="TextParagraph" font-family="Calibri, sans-serif" font-size="295px" font-weight="400"><tspan class="TextPosition" x="6787" y="3612"><tspan fill="rgb(0,0,0)" stroke="none">code(M) für </tspan></tspan></tspan></text> + <text class="TextShape"><tspan class="TextParagraph" font-family="Calibri, sans-serif" font-size="295px" font-weight="400"><tspan class="TextPosition" x="6787" y="3962"><tspan fill="rgb(0,0,0)" stroke="none">eine TM M</tspan></tspan></tspan></text> + <path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" stroke="none" d="M 13455,2636 L 15968,3606 15995,3537 16162,3720 15915,3744 15942,3675 13428,2705 13455,2636 Z"/> + <path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" 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font-weight="400"><tspan class="TextPosition" x="13768" y="4830"><tspan fill="rgb(0,0,0)" stroke="none">0, sonst </tspan></tspan></tspan></text> + <text class="TextShape"><tspan class="TextParagraph" font-family="Calibri, sans-serif" font-size="443px" font-weight="400"><tspan class="TextPosition" x="8753" y="2153"><tspan fill="rgb(0,0,0)" stroke="none">Die TM H</tspan></tspan></tspan></text> + <path fill="none" stroke="rgb(0,0,0)" stroke-width="74" stroke-linejoin="miter" d="M 21121,5338 C 21121,4976 21316,4682 21555,4682 21795,4682 21989,4976 21989,5338 21989,5700 21795,5993 21555,5993 21316,5993 21121,5700 21121,5338 Z"/> + <path fill="rgb(255,255,255)" stroke="none" d="M 18703,5928 L 16146,5928 16146,1664 21260,1664 21260,5928 18703,5928 Z"/> + <path fill="none" stroke="rgb(0,0,0)" stroke-width="25" stroke-linejoin="miter" d="M 18703,5928 L 16146,5928 16146,1664 21260,1664 21260,5928 18703,5928 Z"/> + <path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" stroke="none" d="M 21251,2799 L 24059,2799 24059,2726 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H.svg b/info4/kapitel-10/img/TM H.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6857edeadf72276b3fed8427f9cc3971c0a87b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/info4/kapitel-10/img/TM H.svg @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +<svg width="853" height="234" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" overflow="hidden"><defs><clipPath id="clip0"><rect x="162" y="141" width="853" height="234"/></clipPath></defs><g clip-path="url(#clip0)" transform="translate(-162 -141)"><rect x="319.5" y="143.5" width="443" height="230" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="1.33333" stroke-miterlimit="8" fill="none"/><path d="M168 256 309.486 256 309.486 260 168 260ZM307.486 252 319.486 258 307.486 264Z"/><text font-family="Calibri,Calibri_MSFontService,sans-serif" font-weight="400" font-size="24" transform="translate(177.101 236)">code(M) für<tspan x="0" y="58">eine TM M</tspan></text><path d="M762 205 992.359 205 992.359 209 762 209ZM990.359 201 1002.36 207 990.359 213Z"/><path d="M762 304 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